BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or
<applet> [arguments...] # if symlinkedBusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts.
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded system.
BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.
BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations.
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering
/bin/busybox lswill also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
For example, entering
ln -s /bin/busybox ls
./lswill cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the 'make install' command.
If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.
Currently available applets include:
[, [[, acpid, add-shell, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arch, arp,
arping, ascii, ash, awk, base32, base64, basename, bc, beep,
blkdiscard, blkid, blockdev, bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat,
bzip2, cal, cat, chat, chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst,
chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, conspy, cp, cpio,
crc32, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd,
deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff,
dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du,
dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, envdir,
envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, factor, fakeidentd, fallocate,
false, fatattr, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk,
fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs, flock, fold, free, freeramdisk,
fsck, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, fsync, ftpd, ftpget, ftpput,
fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, hdparm,
head, hexdump, hexedit, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock,
i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, i2ctransfer, id, ifconfig,
ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, install,
ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, ipneigh,
iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd,
last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap,
logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr,
lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsscsi, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop, makedevs,
makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mim, mkdir, mkdosfs,
mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd,
mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mpstat,
mt, mv, nameif, nanddump, nandwrite, nbd-client, nc, netstat, nice,
nl, nmeter, nohup, nologin, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, ntpd, od,
openvt, partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6,
pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap, popmaildir, poweroff,
powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pstree, pwd, pwdx,
raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, readprofile,
realpath, reboot, reformime, remove-shell, renice, reset, resize,
resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake,
run-init, run-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script,
scriptreplay, sed, seedrng, sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole,
setfattr, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setpriv, setserial,
setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum,
showkey, shred, shuf, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort,
split, ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su,
sulogin, sum, sv, svc, svlogd, svok, swapoff, swapon, switch_root,
sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tc, tcpsvd, tee,
telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top, touch, tr,
traceroute, traceroute6, tree, true, truncate, ts, tsort, tty,
ttysize, tunctl, ubiattach, ubidetach, ubimkvol, ubirename,
ubirmvol, ubirsvol, ubiupdatevol, udhcpc, udhcpc6, udhcpd, udpsvd,
uevent, umount, uname, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma,
unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, users, usleep, uudecode, uuencode,
vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, w, wall, watch, watchdog, wc, wget,
which, who, whoami, whois, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat, zcipacpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE] [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE]
Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival
-d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f)
-f Run in foreground
-c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi]
-e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
-l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
-p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
-a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
-M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v
add-shell SHELL...
Add SHELLs to /etc/shells
addgroup [-g GID] [-S] [USER] GROUP
Add a group or add a user to a group
-g GID Group id
-S Create a system groupadduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]
Create new user, or add USER to GROUP
-h DIR Home directory
-g GECOS GECOS field
-s SHELL Login shell
-G GRP Group
-S Create a system user
-D Don't assign a password
-H Don't create home directory
-u UID User id
-k SKEL Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)adjtimex [-q] [-o OFS] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]
Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex(2)
-q Quiet
-o OFF Time offset, microseconds
-f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
-t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
(positive -t or -f values make clock run faster)
-p TCONSTarch
Print system architecture
arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub
Manipulate ARP cache
-a Display (all) hosts
-d Delete ARP entry
-s Set new entry
-v Verbose
-n Don't resolve names
-i IF Network interface
-D Read HWADDR from IFACE
-A,-p AF Protocol family
-H HWTYPE Hardware address typearping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP
Send ARP requests/replies
-f Quit on first ARP reply
-q Quiet
-b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
-D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
-U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
-A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
-c N Stop after sending N ARP requests
-w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply
-I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
-s SRC_IP Sender IP address
DST_IP Target IP addressash [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 ARGS] | FILE ARGS | -s ARGS]
Unix shell interpreter
awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...
-v VAR=VAL Set variable
-F SEP Use SEP as field separator
-f FILE Read program from FILE
-e AWK_PROGRAMbase32 [-d] [-w COL] [FILE]
Base32 encode or decode FILE to standard output
-d Decode data
-w COL Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)base64 [-d] [-w COL] [FILE]
Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output
-d Decode data
-w COL Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)basename FILE [SUFFIX] | -a FILE... | -s SUFFIX FILE...
Strip directory path and SUFFIX from FILE
-a All arguments are FILEs
-s SUFFIX Remove SUFFIX (implies -a)bc [-sqlw] [FILE]...
Arbitrary precision calculator
-q Quiet
-l Load standard library
-s Be POSIX compatible
-w Warn if extensions are used$BC_LINE_LENGTH changes output width
beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n
-f Frequency in Hz
-l Length in ms
-d Delay in ms
-r Repetitions
-n Start new toneblkdiscard [-o OFS] [-l LEN] [-s] DEVICE
Discard sectors on DEVICE
-o OFS Byte offset into device
-l LEN Number of bytes to discard
-s Perform a secure discardblkid [BLOCKDEV]...
Print UUIDs of all filesystems
blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV
--setro Set ro
--setrw Set rw
--getro Get ro
--getss Get sector size
--getbsz Get block size
--setbsz BYTES Set block size
--getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors
--getsize64 Get device size in bytes
--getra Get readahead in 512-byte sectors
--setra SECTORS Set readahead
--flushbufs Flush buffers
--rereadpt Reread partition tablebootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init
Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data
start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill logging with USR1 stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes init: start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init scripts) Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init, /sbin/init
brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [ARGS]]
Manage ethernet bridges Commands:
show [BRIDGE]... Show bridges
addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE
delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE
addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE
delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
showmacs BRIDGE List MAC addresses
showstp BRIDGE Show STP info
stp BRIDGE 1/yes/on|0/no/off Set STP on/off
setageing BRIDGE SECONDS Set ageing time
setfd BRIDGE SECONDS Set bridge forward delay
sethello BRIDGE SECONDS Set hello time
setmaxage BRIDGE SECONDS Set max message age
setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO Set bridge priority
setportprio BRIDGE IFACE PRIO Set port priority
setpathcost BRIDGE IFACE COST Set path costbunzip2 [-cfk] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integritybzcat [FILE]...
Decompress to stdout
bzip2 [-cfkdt123456789] [FILE]...
Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm
-1..9 Compression level
-d Decompress
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integritycal [-jmy] [[MONTH] YEAR]
Display a calendar
-j Use julian dates
-m Week starts on Monday
-y Display the entire yearcat [-nbvteA] [FILE]...
Print FILEs to stdout
-n Number output lines
-b Number nonempty lines
-v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x
-t ...and tabs as ^I
-e ...and end lines with $
-A Same as -vtechat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND]]...]
Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A script consists of "expect-send" argument pairs. Example:
chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'
chattr [-R] [-v VERSION] [-p PROJID] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] FILE...
Change ext2 file attributes
-R Recurse
-v NUM Set version/generation number
-p NUM Set project number
Modifiers:
-,+,= Remove/add/set attributes
Attributes:
A No atime
a Append only
C No copy-on-write
c Compressed
D Synchronous dir updates
d Don't backup with dump
E Encrypted
e File uses extents
F Case-insensitive dir
I Indexed dir
i Immutable
j Write data to journal first
N File is stored in inode
P Hierarchical project ID dir
S Synchronous file updates
s Zero storage when deleted
T Top of dir hierarchy
t Don't tail-merge with other files
u Allow undelete
V Veritychgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE...
Change the group membership of FILEs to GROUP
-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
-L Traverse all symlinks to directories
-H Traverse symlinks on command line only
-P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
-R Recurse
-c List changed files
-v Verbose
-f Hide errorschmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
MODE is octal number (bit pattern sstrwxrwxrwx) or [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXst]
-R Recurse
-c List changed files
-v Verbose
-f Hide errorschown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE...
Change the owner and/or group of FILEs to USER and/or GRP
-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
-L Traverse all symlinks to directories
-H Traverse symlinks on command line only
-P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
-R Recurse
-c List changed files
-v Verbose
-f Hide errorschpasswd [-me] [-c ALG] [-R DIR]
Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd
-e Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
-m Encrypt using md5, not des
-c ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
-R DIR Directory to chroot intochpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e DIR] [-/ DIR] [-n NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG ARGS
Change the process state, run PROG
-u USER[:GRP] Set uid and gid
-U USER[:GRP] Set $UID and $GID in environment
-e DIR Set environment variables as specified by files
in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
-/ DIR Chroot to DIR
-n NICE Add NICE to nice value
-m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
-d BYTES Limit data segment
-o N Limit number of open files per process
-p N Limit number of processes per uid
-f BYTES Limit output file sizes
-c BYTES Limit core file size
-v Verbose
-P Create new process group
-0 Close stdin
-1 Close stdout
-2 Close stderrchroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]
Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT
chrt -m | -p [PRIO] PID | [-rfobi] PRIO PROG ARGS
Change scheduling priority and class for a process
-m Show min/max priorities
-p Operate on PID
-r Set SCHED_RR class
-f Set SCHED_FIFO class
-o Set SCHED_OTHER class
-b Set SCHED_BATCH class
-i Set SCHED_IDLE classchvt N
Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
cksum FILE...
Calculate CRC32 checksum of FILEs
clear
Clear screen
cmp [-ls] [-n NUM] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]
Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)
-l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
for all differing bytes
-s Quiet
-n NUM Compare at most NUM bytescomm [-123] FILE1 FILE2
Compare FILE1 with FILE2
-1 Suppress lines unique to FILE1
-2 Suppress lines unique to FILE2
-3 Suppress lines common to both filesconspy [-vcsndfFQ] [-x COL] [-y LINE] [CONSOLE_NO]
A text-mode VNC like program for Linux virtual consoles. To exit, quickly press ESC 3 times.
-v Don't send keystrokes to the console
-c Create missing /dev/{tty,vcsa}N
-s Open a SHELL session
-n Black & white
-d Dump console to stdout
-f Follow cursor
-F Assume console is on a framebuffer device
-Q Disable exit on ESC-ESC-ESC
-x COL Starting column
-y LINE Starting linecp [-arPLHpfinlsTu] SOURCE DEST or: cp [-arPLHpfinlsu] SOURCE... { -t DIRECTORY | DIRECTORY }
Copy SOURCEs to DEST
-a Same as -dpR
-R,-r Recurse
-d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
-L Follow all symlinks
-H Follow symlinks on command line
-p Preserve file attributes if possible
-f Overwrite
-i Prompt before overwrite
-n Don't overwrite
-l,-s Create (sym)links
-T Refuse to copy if DEST is a directory
-t DIR Copy all SOURCEs into DIR
-u Copy only newer filescpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p DIR] [EXTR_FILE]...
Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file list from stdin and create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p)
Main operation mode:
-t List
-i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
-o Create (requires -H newc)
-p DIR Copy files to DIR
Options:
-H newc Archive format
-d Make leading directories
-m Restore mtime
-v Verbose
-u Overwrite
-F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
-R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files
-L Dereference symlinks
-0 NUL terminated input
--ignore-devno
--renumber-inodescrc32 FILE...
Calculate CRC32 checksum of FILEs
crond [-fbS] [-l N] [-d N] [-L LOGFILE] [-c DIR]
-f Foreground
-b Background (default)
-S Log to syslog (default)
-l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8
-d N Set log level, log to stderr
-L FILE Log to FILE
-c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabscrontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]
-c Crontab directory
-u User
-l List crontab
-e Edit crontab
-r Delete crontab
FILE Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)cryptpw [-P FD] [-m TYPE] [-S SALT] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
-P N Read password from fd N
-m TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
-S SALTcttyhack [PROG ARGS]
Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:
setsid cttyhack shcut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
Print selected fields from FILEs to stdout
-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
-d SEP Field delimiter for input (default -f TAB, -F run of whitespace)
-O SEP Field delimeter for output (default = -d for -f, one space for -F)
-D Don't sort/collate sections or match -fF lines without delimeter
-f LIST Print only these fields (-d is single char)
-F LIST Print only these fields (-d is regex)
-s Output only lines containing delimiter
-n Ignoreddate [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [[-s] TIME]
Display time (using +FMT), or set time
-u Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
[-s] TIME Set time to TIME
-d TIME Display TIME, not 'now'
-D FMT FMT (strptime format) for -s/-d TIME conversion
-r FILE Display last modification time of FILE
-R Output RFC-2822 date
-I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 date
SPEC=date (default), hours, minutes, seconds or nsRecognized TIME formats:
@seconds_since_1970
hh:mm[:ss]
[YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
[[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] insteaddc [-x] [-eSCRIPT]... [-fFILE]... [FILE]...
Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: Arithmetic: + - * / % ^ ~ - divide with remainder | - modular exponentiation v - square root p - print top of the stack without popping f - print entire stack k - pop the value and set precision i - pop the value and set input radix o - pop the value and set output radix Examples: dc -e'2 2 + p' -> 4, dc -e'8 8 * 2 2 + / p' -> 16
dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N obs=N/bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes|count_bytes|fullblock|direct] [oflag=seek_bytes|append|direct]
Copy a file with converting and formatting
if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
ibs=N Read N bytes at a time
obs=N Write N bytes at a time
count=N Copy only N input blocks
skip=N Skip N input blocks
seek=N Skip N output blocks
conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file
conv=noerror Continue after read errors
conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros
conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing
conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes
iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes
iflag=count_bytes count=N is in bytes
oflag=seek_bytes seek=N is in bytes
iflag=direct O_DIRECT input
oflag=direct O_DIRECT output
iflag=fullblock Read full blocks
oflag=append Open output in append mode
status=noxfer Suppress rate output
status=none Suppress all outputN may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB, M, GB, G
deallocvt [N]
Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
delgroup [USER] GROUP
Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP
deluser [--remove-home] USER
Delete USER from the system
depmod [-n]
Generate modules.dep.bb
-n Dry run: print file to stdoutdevmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]
Read/write from physical address
ADDRESS Address to act upon
WIDTH Width (8/16/...)
VALUE Data to be writtendf [-PkmhTai] [-B SIZE] [-t TYPE] [FILESYSTEM]...
Print filesystem usage statistics
-P POSIX output format
-k 1024-byte blocks (default)
-m 1M-byte blocks
-h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
-T Print filesystem type
-t TYPE Print only mounts of this type
-a Show all filesystems
-i Inodes
-B SIZE Blocksizedhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]
Relay DHCP requests between clients and server. Without SERVER_IP, requests are broadcast on SERVER_IFACE.
diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2
Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only.
-a Treat all files as text
-b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
-B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
-d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
-i Ignore case differences
-L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
-N Treat absent files as empty
-q Output only whether files differ
-r Recurse
-S Start with FILE when comparing directories
-T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
-s Report when two files are the same
-t Expand tabs to spaces in output
-U Output LINES lines of context
-w Ignore all whitespacedirname FILENAME
Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME
dmesg [-cr] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
-c Clear ring buffer after printing
-n LEVEL Set console logging level
-s SIZE Buffer size
-r Print raw message bufferdnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]
Small static DNS server daemon
-c FILE Config file
-t SEC TTL
-p PORT Listen on PORT
-i ADDR Listen on ADDR
-d Daemonize
-v Verbose
-s Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
nameserver DNSD_SERVER
nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVERdos2unix [-ud] [FILE]
Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.
-u dos2unix
-d unix2dosdpkg [-ilCPru] [-F OPT] PACKAGE
Install, remove and manage Debian packages
-i,--install Install the package
-l,--list List of installed packages
--configure Configure an unpackaged package
-P,--purge Purge all files of a package
-r,--remove Remove all but the configuration files for a package
--unpack Unpack a package, but don't configure it
--force-depends Ignore dependency problems
--force-confnew Overwrite existing config files when installing
--force-confold Keep old config files when installingdpkg-deb [-cefxX] FILE [DIR]
Perform actions on Debian packages (.deb)
-c List files
-f Print control fields
-e Extract control files to DIR (default: ./DEBIAN)
-x Extract files to DIR (no default)
-X Verbose extractdu [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...
Summarize disk space used for FILEs (or directories)
-a Show file sizes too
-b Apparent size (including holes)
-L Follow all symlinks
-H Follow symlinks on command line
-d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
-c Show grand total
-l Count sizes many times if hard linked
-s Display only a total for each argument
-x Skip directories on different filesystems
-h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
-m Sizes in megabytes
-k Sizes in kilobytes (default)dumpkmap > keymap
Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout
dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f LEASEFILE]
Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd
-f FILE Lease file
-r Show remaining time
-a Show expiration time
-d Show time in secondsecho [-neE] [ARG]...
Print ARGs to stdout
-n No trailing newline
-e Interpret backslash escapes (\t=tab etc)
-E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)ed [-p PROMPT] [-s] [FILE]
eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]
Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom
-s SCSI device
-t Close tray
-T Open/close tray (toggle)env [-i0] [-u NAME]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [PROG ARGS]
Print current environment or run PROG after setting up environment
-, -i Start with empty environment
-0 NUL terminated output
-u NAME Remove variable from environmentenvdir DIR PROG ARGS
Set various environment variables as specified by files in the directory DIR, run PROG
envuidgid USER PROG ARGS
Set $UID to USER's uid and $GID to USER's gid, run PROG
ether-wake [-b] [-i IFACE] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]/a.b.c.d] MAC
Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines. MAC must be a station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.
-b Broadcast the packet
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
-p PASSWORD Append four or six byte PASSWORD to the packetexpand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...
Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout
-i Don't convert tabs after non blanks
-t Tabstops every N charsexpr EXPRESSION
Print the value of EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION may be:
ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
ARG1 <= ARG2
ARG1 = ARG2
ARG1 != ARG2
ARG1 >= ARG2
ARG1 > ARG2
ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
ARG1 - ARG2
ARG1 * ARG2
ARG1 / ARG2
ARG1 % ARG2
STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP
substr STRING POS LEN Substring of STRING, POS counts from 1
index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
length STRING Length of STRING
quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
it is a keyword like 'match' or an
operator like '/'
(EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSIONBeware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.
factor [NUMBER]...
Print prime factors
fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]
Provide fake ident (auth) service
-f Run in foreground
-i Inetd mode
-w Inetd 'wait' mode
-b ADDR Bind to specified address
STRING Ident answer string (default: nobody)fallocate [-o OFS] -l LEN FILE
Preallocate space for FILE
-o OFS Offset of range
-l LEN Length of rangefatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE...
Change file attributes on FAT filesystem
- Clear attributes
+ Set attributes
r Read only
h Hidden
s System
v Volume label
d Directory
a Archivefbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]
Show and modify frame buffer settings
fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]
-s Image
-c Hide cursor
-d Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
-i Config file (var=value):
BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B,IMG_LEFT,IMG_TOP
-f Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'fdflush DEVICE
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
fdformat [-n] DEVICE
Format floppy disk
-n Don't verify after formatfdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK
Change partition table
-u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
-l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
-b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
-C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
-H HEADS Typically 255
-S SECTORS Typically 63fgconsole
Get active console
find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]
Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current directory, action is '-print'
-L,-follow Follow symlinks
-H ...on command line only
-xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems
-maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
actions to command line arguments only
-mindepth N Don't act on first N levels
-depth Act on directory *after* traversing itActions:
( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a
! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure
ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
Note: -a has higher priority than -o
-name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
-iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name
-path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN
-ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path
-regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN
-type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,s,p)
-executable File is executable
-perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
-mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
or exactly N days in the past
-atime DAYS atime +N/-N/N days in the past
-ctime DAYS ctime +N/-N/N days in the past
-mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
or exactly N minutes in the past
-amin MINS atime +N/-N/N minutes in the past
-cmin MINS ctime +N/-N/N minutes in the past
-newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's
-inum N File has inode number N
-samefile FILE File is same as FILE
-user NAME/ID File is owned by given user
-group NAME/ID File is owned by given group
-size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
+/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
-links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
or exactly N
-empty Match empty file/directory
-prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it
If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
-print Print file name
-print0 Print file name, NUL terminated
-exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
-exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
-delete Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option
-quit Exitfindfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid
Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID
flock [-sxun] FD | { FILE [-c] PROG ARGS }
[Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG
-s Shared lock
-x Exclusive lock (default)
-u Unlock FD
-n Fail rather than waitfold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
Wrap input lines in FILEs (or stdin), writing to stdout
-b Count bytes rather than columns
-s Break at spaces
-w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80free [-bkmgh]
Display free and used memory
freeramdisk DEVICE
Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
fsck [-ANPRTV] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...
Check and repair filesystems
-A Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
-N Don't execute, just show what would be done
-P With -A, check filesystems in parallel
-R With -A, skip the root filesystem
-T Don't show title on startup
-V Verbose
-t TYPE List of filesystem types to checkfsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV
Check MINIX filesystem
-l List all filenames
-r Perform interactive repairs
-a Perform automatic repairs
-v Verbose
-s Output superblock information
-m Show "mode not cleared" warnings
-f Force file system checkfsfreeze --[un]freeze MOUNTPOINT
Flush and halt writes to MOUNTPOINT
fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT
-o OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from
-l LEN Bytes to discard
-m MIN Minimum extent length
-v Print number of discarded bytesfsync [-d] FILE...
Write all buffered blocks in FILEs to disk
-d Avoid syncing metadataftpd [-wvS] [-a USER] [-t SEC] [-T SEC] [DIR]
FTP server. Chroots to DIR, if this fails (run by non-root), cds to it. It is an inetd service, inetd.conf line: 21 stream tcp nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve Can be run from tcpsvd:
tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve
-w Allow upload
-A No login required, client access occurs under ftpd's UID
-a USER Enable 'anonymous' login and map it to USER
-v Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
-S Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
-t,-T N Idle and absolute timeoutftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE
Download a file via FTP
-c Continue previous transfer
-v Verbose
-u USER Username
-p PASS Password
-P PORTftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE
Upload a file to a FTP server
-v Verbose
-u USER Username
-p PASS Password
-P PORTfuser [-msk46] [-SIGNAL] FILE or PORT/PROTO
Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs
-m Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
-4,-6 Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
-s Don't display PIDs
-k Kill found processes
-SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS
-a Allow long options starting with single -
-l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize
-n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported
-o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize
-q No error messages on unrecognized options
-Q No normal output
-s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions
-T Version test (exits with 4)
-u Don't quote outputExample:
O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'"; shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'"; shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done
getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]
Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login
-h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
-L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
-m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
-n Don't prompt for login name
-w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
-i Don't display /etc/issue
-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
-l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
-t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
-I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else
-H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostnameBAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged
grep [-HhnlLoqvsrRiwFE] [-m N] [-A|B|C N] { PATTERN | -e PATTERN... | -f FILE... } [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)
-H Add 'filename:' prefix
-h Do not add 'filename:' prefix
-n Add 'line_no:' prefix
-l Show only names of files that match
-L Show only names of files that don't match
-c Show only count of matching lines
-o Show only the matching part of line
-q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
-v Select non-matching lines
-s Suppress open and read errors
-r Recurse
-R Recurse and dereference symlinks
-i Ignore case
-w Match whole words only
-x Match whole lines only
-F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
-E PATTERN is an extended regexp
-m N Match up to N times per file
-A N Print N lines of trailing context
-B N Print N lines of leading context
-C N Same as '-A N -B N'
-e PTRN Pattern to match
-f FILE Read pattern from filegroups [USER]
Print the groups USER is in
gunzip [-cfkt] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integritygzip [-cfkdt] [FILE]...
Compress FILEs (or stdin)
-d Decompress
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integrityhalt [-d DELAY] [-nfw]
Halt the system
-d SEC Delay interval
-n Do not sync
-f Force (don't go through init)
-w Only write a wtmp recordhd FILE...
hd is an alias for hexdump -C
hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]
-a Get/set fs readahead
-A Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
-b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
-B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
-c Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
-C Check IDE power mode status
-d Get/set using_dma flag
-D Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
-f Flush buffer cache for device on exit
-g Display drive geometry
-h Display terse usage information
-i Display drive identification
-I Detailed/current information directly from drive
-k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
-K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
-L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
-m Get/set multiple sector count
-n Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
-p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
-P Set drive prefetch count
-Q Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
-r Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
-R Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
-S Set standby (spindown) timeout
-t Perform device read timings
-T Perform cache read timings
-u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
-U Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
-v Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
-V Display program version and exit immediately
-w Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
-W Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-x Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
-y Put IDE drive in standby mode
-Y Put IDE drive to sleep
-Z Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
-z Reread partition tablehead [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
Print first 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin). With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
-n N[bkm] Print first N lines
-n -N[bkm] Print all except N last lines
-c [-]N[bkm] Print first N bytes
(b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
-q Never print headers
-v Always print headershexdump [-bcdoxCv] [-e FMT] [-f FMT_FILE] [-n LEN] [-s OFS] [FILE]...
Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format
-b 1-byte octal display
-c 1-byte character display
-d 2-byte decimal display
-o 2-byte octal display
-x 2-byte hex display
-C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line
-v Show all (no dup folding)
-e FORMAT_STR Example: '16/1 "%02x|""\n"'
-f FORMAT_FILE
-n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET byteshexedit FILE
Edit FILE in hexadecimal
hostid
Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine
hostname [-sidf] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]
Show or set hostname or DNS domain name
-s Short
-i Addresses for the hostname
-d DNS domain name
-f Fully qualified domain name
-F FILE Use FILE's content as hostnamehttpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING
Listen for incoming HTTP requests
-i Inetd mode
-f Run in foreground
-v[v] Verbose
-p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
-u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port
-r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
-h HOME Home directory (default .)
-c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
-m STRING MD5 crypt STRING
-e STRING HTML encode STRING
-d STRING URL decode STRINGhush [-enxl] [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 ARGS] | FILE ARGS | -s ARGS]
Unix shell interpreter
hwclock [-swul] [--systz] [-f DEV]
Show or set hardware clock (RTC)
-s Set system time from RTC
-w Set RTC from system time
--systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
if RTC is kept in local time
-f DEV Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
-u Assume RTC is kept in UTC
-l Assume RTC is kept in local time
(if neither is given, read from /etc/adjtime)i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST]
Detect I2C chips
-l List installed buses
-F BUS# List functionalities on this bus
-y Disable interactive mode
-a Force scanning of non-regular addresses
-q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
-r Use smbus read byte commands for probing
FIRST and LAST limit probing rangei2cdump [-fy] [-r FIRST-LAST] BUS ADDR [MODE]
Examine I2C registers
I2CBUS I2C bus number
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
MODE is:
b Byte (default)
w Word
W Word on even register addresses
i I2C block
s SMBus block
c Consecutive byte
Append p for SMBus PEC
-f Force access
-y Disable interactive mode
-r Limit the number of registers being accessedi2cget [-fy] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]]
Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers
I2CBUS I2C bus number
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
MODE is:
b Read byte data (default)
w Read word data
c Write byte/read byte
Append p for SMBus PEC
-f Force access
-y Disable interactive modei2cset [-fy] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [VALUE] ... [MODE]
Set I2C registers
I2CBUS I2C bus number
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
MODE is:
c Byte, no value
b Byte data (default)
w Word data
i I2C block data
s SMBus block data
Append p for SMBus PEC
-f Force access
-y Disable interactive mode
-r Read back and compare the result
-m MASK Mask specifying which bits to writei2ctransfer [-fay] I2CBUS { rLENGTH[@ADDR] | wLENGTH[@ADDR] DATA...}...
Read/write I2C data in one transfer
-f Force access to busy addresses
-a Force access to non-regular addresses
-y Disable interactive modeid [-ugGnr] [USER]
Print information about USER or the current user
-u User ID
-g Group ID
-G Supplementary group IDs
-n Print names instead of numbers
-r Print real ID instead of effective IDifconfig [-a] [IFACE] [ADDRESS]
Configure a network interface
[add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
[del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
[[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
[netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
[outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
[hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
[multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
[mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
[up|down] ...ifdown [-nmvf] [-i FILE] -a | IFACE...
-a Deconfigure all interfaces
-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
-n Dry run
(note: doesn't disable mappings)
-m Don't run any mappings
-v Print out what would happen before doing it
-f Forceifenslave [-cdf] MASTER_IFACE SLAVE_IFACE...
Configure network interfaces for parallel routing
-c Change active slave
-d Remove slave interface from bonding device
-f Force, even if interface is not Ethernetifplugd [OPTIONS]
Network interface plug detection daemon
-n Run in foreground
-s Don't log to syslog
-i IFACE Interface
-f/-F Treat link detection error as link down/link up
(otherwise exit on error)
-a Don't up interface at each link probe
-M Monitor creation/destruction of interface
(otherwise it must exist)
-A Don't up newly appeared interface
-r PROG Script to run
-x ARG Extra argument for script
-I Don't exit on nonzero exit code from script
-p Don't run "up" script on startup
-q Don't run "down" script on exit
-l Always run script on startup
-t SECS Poll time in seconds
-u SECS Delay before running script after link up
-d SECS Delay after link down
-m MODE API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, iff, auto)
-k Kill running daemonifup [-nmvf] [-i FILE] -a | IFACE...
-a Configure all interfaces
-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
-n Dry run
(note: doesn't disable mappings)
-m Don't run any mappings
-v Print out what would happen before doing it
-f Forceinetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]
Listen for network connections and launch programs
-f Run in foreground
-e Log to stderr
-q N Socket listen queue (default 128)
-R N Pause services after N connects/min
(default 0 - disabled)
Default CONFFILE is /etc/inetd.confinit
Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab. Signals:
HUP: reload /etc/inittab TSTP: stop respawning until CONT QUIT: re-exec another init USR1/TERM/USR2/INT: run halt/reboot/poweroff/Ctrl-Alt-Del script
insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
Load kernel module
install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [-t DIR] [SOURCE]... DEST
Copy files and set attributes
-c Just copy (default)
-d Create directories
-D Create leading target directories
-s Strip symbol table
-p Preserve date
-o USER Set ownership
-g GRP Set group ownership
-m MODE Set permissions
-t DIR Install to DIRionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-t] { -p PID | PROG ARGS }
Change I/O priority and class
-c N Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
-n N Priority
-t Ignore errorsiostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]
Report CPU and I/O statistics
-c Show CPU utilization
-d Show device utilization
-t Print current time
-z Omit devices with no activity
-k Use kb/s
-m Use Mb/sip [OPTIONS] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [ARGS]
OPTIONS := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline]
ip addr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX] ip route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ip link set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] [master IFACE | nomaster] [netns PID] ip tunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL] ip neigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE] ip rule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
ipaddr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX]
ipaddr add|change|replace|delete dev IFACE [CONFFLAG-LIST] IFADDR IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR|+|-] [anycast ADDR] [label STRING] [scope SCOPE] PREFIX := ADDR[/MASK] SCOPE := [host|link|global|NUMBER] CONFFLAG-LIST := [CONFFLAG-LIST] CONFFLAG CONFFLAG := [noprefixroute] ipaddr show|flush [dev IFACE] [scope SCOPE] [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
ipcalc [-bnmphs] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [NETMASK]
Calculate and display network settings from IP address
-b Broadcast address
-n Network address
-m Default netmask for IP
-p Prefix for IP/NETMASK
-h Resolved host name
-s No error messagesipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]
Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case options remove an object by shmid value.
-mM Remove memory segment after last detach
-qQ Remove message queue
-sS Remove semaphoreipcs [[-smq] -i SHMID] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]
-i ID Show specific resource
Resource specification:
-m Shared memory segments
-q Message queues
-s Semaphore arrays
-a All (default)
Output format:
-t Time
-c Creator
-p Pid
-l Limits
-u Summaryiplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] [master IFACE | nomaster] [netns PID] iplink add [link IFACE] IFACE [address MAC] type TYPE [ARGS] iplink delete IFACE type TYPE [ARGS] TYPE ARGS := vlan VLANARGS | vrf table NUM VLANARGS := id VLANID [protocol 802.1q|802.1ad] [reorder_hdr on|off] [gvrp on|off] [mvrp on|off] [loose_binding on|off] iplink show [IFACE]
ipneigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE]
iproute list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE
iproute list|flush SELECTOR SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO] PREFIX := default|ADDR[/MASK] iproute get ADDR [from ADDR iif IFACE] [oif IFACE] [tos TOS] iproute add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ROUTE := NODE_SPEC [INFO_SPEC] NODE_SPEC := PREFIX [table TABLE_ID] [proto RTPROTO] [scope SCOPE] [metric METRIC] INFO_SPEC := NH OPTIONS NH := [via [inet|inet6] ADDR] [dev IFACE] [src ADDR] [onlink] OPTIONS := [mtu [lock] NUM] [advmss [lock] NUM]
iprule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK[/MASK]]
[dev IFACE] [pref NUMBER]
ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDR]
[prohibit|reject|unreachable]
[realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
TABLE_ID := [local|main|default|NUMBER]iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]
iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]
kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]
Report or set VT console keyboard mode
-a Default (ASCII)
-k Medium-raw (keycode)
-s Raw (scancode)
-u Unicode (utf-8)
-C TTY Affect TTYkill [-l] [-SIG] PID...
Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs
-l List all signal names and numberskillall [-lq] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...
Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes
-l List all signal names and numbers
-q Don't complain if no processes were killedkillall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...
Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current session
-l List all signal names and numbers
-o PID Don't signal this PIDklogd [-c N] [-n]
Log kernel messages to syslog
-c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
-n Run in foregroundlast [-HW] [-f FILE]
Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
-W Display with no host column truncation
-f FILE Read from FILE instead of /var/log/wtmpless [-EFIMmNSRh~] [FILE]...
View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
-E Quit once the end of a file is reached
-F Quit if entire file fits on first screen
-I Ignore case in all searches
-M,-m Display status line with line numbers
and percentage through the file
-N Prefix line number to each line
-S Truncate long lines
-R Remove color escape codes in input
-~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOFlink FILE LINK
Create hard LINK to FILE
ln [-sfnbtv] [-S SUF] TARGET... LINK|DIR
Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)
-s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
-f Remove existing destinations
-n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
-b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
-S SUF Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
-T Treat LINK as a file, not DIR
-v Verboseloadfont < font
Load a console font from stdin
loadkmap < keymap
Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin
logger [-s] [-t TAG] [-p PRIO] [MESSAGE]
Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog
-s Log to stderr as well as the system log
-t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
-p PRIO Priority (number or FACILITY.LEVEL pair)login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]
Begin a new session on the system
-f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
-h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
-p Preserve environment$LOGIN_TIMEOUT Seconds (default 60, 0 - disable) $LOGIN_PRE_SUID_SCRIPT Execute before user ID change
logname
Print the name of the current user
logread [-fF]
Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer
-f Output data as log grows
-F Same as -f, but dump buffer firstlosetup [-rP] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE: associate loop devices losetup -c LOOPDEV: reread file size losetup -d LOOPDEV: disassociate losetup -a: show status losetup -f: show next free loop device
-o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE
-P Scan for partitions
-r Read-only
-f Show/use next free loop devicelpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]
SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print is passed in $DATAFILE variable. Example:
tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./printlpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]
-P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
-d Delete jobs
-f Force any waiting job to be printed
-s Short displaylpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [FILE]...
-P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
-m Send mail on completion
-h Print banner page too
-V Verbosels [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
List directory contents
-1 One column output
-a Include names starting with .
-A Like -a, but exclude . and ..
-x List by lines
-d List directory names, not contents
-L Follow symlinks
-H Follow symlinks on command line
-R Recurse
-p Append / to directory names
-F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to names
-l Long format
-i List inode numbers
-n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
-s List allocated blocks
-lc List ctime
-lu List atime
--full-time List full date/time
-h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G)
--group-directories-first
-S Sort by size
-X Sort by extension
-v Sort by version
-t Sort by mtime
-tc Sort by ctime
-tu Sort by atime
-r Reverse sort order
-w N Format N columns wide
--color[={always,never,auto}]lsattr [-Radlpv] [FILE]...
List ext2 file attributes
-R Recurse
-a Include names starting with .
-d List directory names, not contents
-l List long flag names
-p List project ID
-v List version/generation numberlsmod
List loaded kernel modules
lsof
Show all open files
lspci [-mk]
List all PCI devices
-m Parsable output
-k Show driverlzcat [FILE]...
Decompress to stdout
lzma -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-d Decompress
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integritylzop [-cfUvd123456789CF] [FILE]...
-1..9 Compression level
-d Decompress
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-U Delete input files
-v Verbose
-F Don't store or verify checksum
-C Also write checksum of compressed blockmakedevs [-d device_table] rootdir
Create a range of special files as specified in a device table. Device table entries take the form of:
<name> <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc> <count> Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank entries.
makemime [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs
-o FILE Output. Default: stdout
-a HDR Add header(s). Examples:
"From: user@host.org", "Date: `date -R`"
-c CT Content type. Default: application/octet-stream
-C CS Charset. Default: us-asciiOther options are silently ignored
man [-aw] [SECTION] MANPAGE[.SECTION]...
Display manual page
-a Display all pages
-w Show page locations$COLUMNS overrides output width
md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
Print or check MD5 checksums
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum linesmdev [-vS] { [-s] | [-df] }
-v Verbose
-S Log to syslog too
-s Scan /sys and populate /dev
-d Daemon, listen on netlink
-f Run in foregroundBare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex, @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices:
$MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.
If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.
mesg [y|n]
Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal
microcom [-d DELAY_MS] [-t TIMEOUT_MS ] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY
Copy bytes from stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout
-d DELAY Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending
every next byte to it
-t TIMEOUT Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
-s SPEED Set serial line to SPEED
-X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdinmim [-f FILE] [SHELL_OPTIONS] [TARGET] ...
Run a script from a Makefile-like specification file
-f FILE Spec file (default Mimfile)mkdir [-m MODE] [-p] DIRECTORY...
Create DIRECTORY
-m MODE Mode
-p No error if exists; make parent directories as neededmkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
Make a FAT32 filesystem
-v Verbose
-n LBL Volume labelmke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
-b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
-F Force
-i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
-I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
-L LBL Volume label
-m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
-n Dry runmkfifo [-m MODE] NAME
Create named pipe
-m MODE Mode (default a=rw)mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
-b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
-F Force
-i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
-I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
-L LBL Volume label
-m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
-n Dry runmkfs.minix [-c | -l FILE] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
Make a MINIX filesystem
-c Check device for bad blocks
-n [14|30] Maximum length of filenames
-i INODES Number of inodes for the filesystem
-l FILE Read bad blocks list from FILE
-v Make version 2 filesystemmkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
Make a FAT32 filesystem
-v Verbose
-n LBL Volume labelmknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
-m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
TYPE:
b Block device
c or u Character device
p Named pipe (MAJOR MINOR must be omitted)mkpasswd [-P FD] [-m TYPE] [-S SALT] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
-P N Read password from fd N
-m TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
-S SALTmkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition
-L LBL Labelmktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]
Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.
-d Make directory, not file
-q Fail silently on errors
-t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
-p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
-u Do not create anything; print a nameBase directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp
modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] MODULE
-a Shortcut for '-F author'
-d Shortcut for '-F description'
-l Shortcut for '-F license'
-p Shortcut for '-F parm'
-F keyword Keyword to look for
-0 NUL terminated outputmodprobe [-rq] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
-r Remove MODULE
-q Quietmore [FILE]...
View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE
Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.
-a Mount all filesystems in fstab
-f Dry run
-v Verbose
-r Read-only mount
-t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
-T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
-O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
-o OPT:
loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
[a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous
[no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times
[no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories
[no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
[no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files
[no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files
[no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
[r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
[r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
[r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
[un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
[r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
move Relocate an existing mount point
remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
ro Same as -rThere are filesystem-specific -o flags.
mountpoint [-q] { [-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE }
Check if DIR is a mountpoint
-q Quiet
-d Print major:minor of the filesystem
-n Print device name of the filesystem
-x Print major:minor of DEVICEmpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]
Per-processor statistics
-A Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU Report interrupt statistics
-P num|ALL Processor to monitor
-u Report CPU utilizationmt [-f DEVICE] OPCODE VALUE
Control magnetic tape drive operation
Opcodes:
bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset
mv [-finT] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... { -t DIRECTORY | DIRECTORY }
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCEs to DIRECTORY
-f Don't prompt before overwriting
-i Interactive, prompt before overwrite
-n Don't overwrite an existing file
-T Refuse to move if DEST is a directory
-t DIR Move all SOURCEs into DIRnameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME SELECTOR]...
Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device matched by SELECTOR is renamed to IFNAME. SELECTOR can be a combination of:
driver=STRING
bus=STRING
phy_address=NUM
[mac=]XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
-c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
-s Log to syslognanddump [-no] [--bb padbad|skipbad] [-s ADDR] [-l LEN] [-f FILE] MTD_DEVICE
Dump MTD_DEVICE
-n Read without ecc
-o Dump oob data
-s ADDR Start address
-l LEN Length
-f FILE Dump to file ('-' for stdout)
--bb METHOD
skipbad: skip bad blocks
padbad: substitute bad blocks by 0xff (default)nandwrite [-np] [-s ADDR] MTD_DEVICE [FILE]
Write to MTD_DEVICE
-n Write without ecc
-p Pad to page size
-s ADDR Start addressnbd-client { [-b BLKSIZE] [-N NAME] [-t SEC] [-p] HOST [PORT] | -d } BLOCKDEV
Connect to HOST and provide network block device on BLOCKDEV
nc [OPTIONS] HOST PORT - connect nc [OPTIONS] -l -p PORT [HOST] [PORT] - listen
-e PROG Run PROG after connect (must be last)
-l Listen mode, for inbound connects
-lk With -e, provides persistent server
-p PORT Local port
-s ADDR Local address
-w SEC Timeout for connects and final net reads
-i SEC Delay interval for lines sent
-n Don't do DNS resolution
-u UDP mode
-b Allow broadcasts
-v Verbose
-o FILE Hex dump traffic
-z Zero-I/O mode (scanning)netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]
Display networking information
-r Routing table
-a All sockets
-l Listening sockets
Else: connected sockets
-t TCP sockets
-u UDP sockets
-w Raw sockets
-x Unix sockets
Else: all socket types
-e Other/more information
-n Don't resolve names
-W Wide display
-p Show PID/program name for socketsnice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]
Change scheduling priority, run PROG
-n ADJUST Adjust priority by ADJUSTnl [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added
-b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none
-i N Line number increment
-s STRING Use STRING as line number separator
-v N Start from N
-w N Width of line numbersnmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING
Monitor system in real time
-d MSEC Milliseconds between updates, default:1000, none:-1Format specifiers:
%Nc or %[cN] CPU. N - bar size (default 10)
(displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
%[nINTERFACE] Network INTERFACE
%m Allocated memory
%[md] Dirty file-backed memory
%[mw] Memory being written to storage
%[mf] Free memory
%[mt] Total memory
%s Allocated swap
%f Number of used file descriptors
%Ni Total/specific IRQ rate
%x Context switch rate
%p Forks
%[pn] # of processes
%b Block io
%Nt Time (with N decimal points)
%NT Zero-based timestamp (with N decimal points)
%r Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOLnohup PROG ARGS
Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
nologin
Politely refuse a login
nproc [--all] [--ignore=N]
Print number of available CPUs
--all Number of installed CPUs
--ignore=N Exclude N CPUsnsenter [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
-t PID Target process to get namespaces from
-m[FILE] Enter mount namespace
-u[FILE] Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
-i[FILE] Enter System V IPC namespace
-n[FILE] Enter network namespace
-p[FILE] Enter pid namespace
-U[FILE] Enter user namespace
-S UID Set uid in entered namespace
-G GID Set gid in entered namespace
--preserve-credentials Don't touch uids or gids
-r[DIR] Set root directory
-w[DIR] Set working directory
-F Don't fork before exec'ing PROGnslookup [-type=QUERY_TYPE] [-debug] HOST [DNS_SERVER]
Query DNS about HOST
QUERY_TYPE: soa,ns,a,aaaa,cname,mx,txt,ptr,srv,any
ntpd [-dnqNwl] [-I IFACE] [-S PROG] [-k KEYFILE] [-p [keyno:N:]PEER]...
NTP client/server
-d[d] Verbose
-n Run in foreground
-q Quit after clock is set
-N Run at high priority
-w Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
-S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 min
-k FILE Key file (ntp.keys compatible)
-p [keyno:NUM:]PEER
Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)
Use key NUM for authentication
If -p is not given, 'server HOST' lines
from /etc/ntp.conf are used
-l Also run as server on port 123
-I IFACE Bind server to IFACE, implies -lod [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default
openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]
Start PROG on a new virtual terminal
-c N Use specified VT
-s Switch to the VT
-w Wait for PROG to exitpartprobe DEVICE...
Ask kernel to rescan partition table
passwd [-a ALG] [-dlu] [USER]
Change USER's password (default: current user)
-a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
-d Set password to ''
-l Lock (disable) account
-u Unlock (enable) accountpaste [-d LIST] [-s] [FILE]...
Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab
-d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab
-s Serial: one file at a timepatch [-RNE] [-p N] [-i DIFF] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]
-p N Strip N leading components from file names
-i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
-R Reverse patch
-N Ignore already applied patches
-E Remove output files if they become empty
--dry-run Don't actually change filespgrep [-flanovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
-l Show command name too
-a Show command line too
-f Match against entire command line
-n Show the newest process only
-o Show the oldest process only
-v Negate the match
-x Match whole name (not substring)
-s Match session ID (0 for current)
-P Match parent process IDpidof [-s] [-o PID] [NAME]...
List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
-s Show only one PID
-o PID Omit given pid
Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parentping [OPTIONS] HOST
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUESTs to HOST
-4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
-c CNT Send only CNT pings
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
-i SECS Interval
-A Ping as soon as reply is received
-t TTL Set TTL
-I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
-W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
(after all -c CNT packets are sent)
-w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
(can exit earlier with -c CNT)
-q Quiet, only display output at start/finish
-p HEXBYTE Payload patternping6 [OPTIONS] HOST
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUESTs to HOST
-c CNT Send only CNT pings
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
-i SECS Interval
-A Ping as soon as reply is received
-I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
-W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
(after all -c CNT packets are sent)
-w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
(can exit earlier with -c CNT)
-q Quiet, only display output at start/finish
-p HEXBYTE Payload patternpivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD
Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the new root file system
pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-xfvnoe] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
Send signal to processes selected by regex PATTERN
-l List all signals
-x Match whole name (not substring)
-f Match against entire command line
-s SID Match session ID (0 for current)
-P PPID Match parent process ID
-v Negate the match
-n Signal the newest process only
-o Signal the oldest process only
-e Display name and PID of the process being killedpmap [-xq] PID...
Display process memory usage
-x Show details
-q Quietpopmaildir [OPTIONS] MAILDIR [CONN_HELPER ARGS]
Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir
-s Skip authorization
-T Get messages with TOP instead of RETR
-k Keep retrieved messages on the server
-t SEC Network timeout
-F 'PROG ARGS' Filter program (may be repeated)
-M 'PROG ARGS' Delivery programFetch from plain POP3 server: popmaildir -k DIR nc pop3.server.com 110 <user_and_pass.txt Fetch from SSLed POP3 server and delete fetched emails: popmaildir DIR -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect pop3.server.com:995 <user_and_pass.txt
poweroff [-d DELAY] [-nf]
Halt and shut off power
-d SEC Delay interval
-n Do not sync
-f Force (don't go through init)powertop
Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops
printenv [VARIABLE]...
Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.
printf FORMAT [ARG]...
Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)
ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]
Show list of processes
-o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display
-T Show threadspscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT] HOST
Scan HOST, print all open ports
-c Show closed ports too
-b Show blocked ports too
-p PORT Scan from this port (default 1)
-P PORT Scan up to this port (default 1024)
-t MS Timeout (default 5000 ms)
-T MS Minimum rtt (default 5 ms)pstree [-p] [PID|USER]
Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID
-p Show pidspwd
Print the full filename of the current working directory
pwdx PID...
Show current directory for PIDs
raidautorun DEVICE
Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays
rdate [-s/-p] HOST
Set and print time from HOST using RFC 868
-s Only set system time
-p Only print timerdev
Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'
readahead [FILE]...
Preload FILEs to RAM
readlink [-fnv] FILE
Display the value of a symlink
-f Canonicalize by following all symlinks
-n Don't add newline
-v Verbosereadprofile [OPTIONS]
-m MAPFILE (Default: /boot/System.map)
-p PROFILE (Default: /proc/profile)
-M NUM Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
-i Print only info about the sampling step
-v Verbose
-a Print all symbols, even if count is 0
-b Print individual histogram-bin counts
-s Print individual counters within functions
-r Reset all the counters (root only)
-n Disable byte order auto-detectionrealpath FILE...
Print absolute pathnames of FILEs
reboot [-d DELAY] [-nf]
Reboot the system
-d SEC Delay interval
-n Do not sync
-f Force (don't go through init)reformime [OPTIONS]
Parse MIME-encoded message on stdin
-x PREFIX Extract content of MIME sections to files
-X PROG ARGS Filter content of MIME sections through PROG
Must be the last optionOther options are silently ignored
remove-shell SHELL...
Remove SHELLs from /etc/shells
renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p|g|u] ID...]...
Change scheduling priority of a running process
-n Add PRIORITY to current nice value
Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
-p Process ids (default)
-g Process group ids
-u Process user namesreset
Reset terminal (ESC codes) and termios (signals, buffering, echo)
resize
Resize the screen
resume BLOCKDEV [OFFSET]
Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in BLOCKDEV
rev [FILE]...
Reverse lines of FILE
rm [-irf] FILE...
Remove (unlink) FILEs
-i Always prompt before removing
-f Never prompt
-R,-r Recursermdir [-p] DIRECTORY...
Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty
-p Include parents
--ignore-fail-on-non-emptyrmmod MODULE...
Unload kernel modules
route [-ne] [-A inet[6]] [{add|del} [-net|-host] TARGET [netmask MASK] [gw GATEWAY] [metric N] [mss BYTES] [window BYTES] [reject] [IFACE]]
Show or edit kernel routing tables
-n Don't resolve names
-e Display other/more information
-A inet[6] Select address familyrpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm
Manipulate RPM packages
Commands:
-i Install package
-qp Query package
-qpi Show information
-qpl List contents
-qpd List documents
-qpc List config filesrpm2cpio PACKAGE.rpm
Output a cpio archive of the rpm file
rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]
Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time
-a Read clock mode from /etc/adjtime (default)
-l Clock is set to local time
-u Clock is set to UTC time
-d DEV Specify the RTC device
-m MODE Set sleep state (default: standby)
-s SEC Set timeout in SEC seconds from now
-t TIME Set timeout to TIME seconds from epochrun-init [-d CAP,CAP...] [-n] [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
-d CAPS Drop capabilities
-n Dry runrun-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test] [--exit-on-error] [--list] DIRECTORY
Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY
-a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts
-u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts
--reverse Reverse execution order
--test Dry run
--exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
--list Print names of matching files even if they are not executablerunlevel [FILE]
Find the current and previous system runlevel
If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found, print "unknown"
runsv DIR
Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service
runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] DIR
Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart it.
-P Put each runsv in a new session
-s SCRIPT Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processedrx FILE
Receive a file using the xmodem protocol
script [-afq] [-t[FILE]] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]
Default OUTFILE is 'typescript'
-a Append output
-c PROG Run PROG, not shell
-q Quiet
-t[FILE] Send timing to stderr or FILEscriptreplay TIMINGFILE [TYPESCRIPT [DIVISOR]]
Play back typescripts, using timing information
sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] CMD [FILE]...
-e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
-f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
-i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise write to stdout)
Optionally back files up, appending SFX
-n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-r,-E Use extended regex syntaxIf no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).
seedrng [-d DIR] [-n]
Seed the kernel RNG from seed files
-d DIR Use seed files in DIR (default: /var/lib/seedrng)
-n Do not credit randomness, even if creditablesendmail [-tv] [-f SENDER] [-amLOGIN 4<user_pass.txt | -auUSER -apPASS] [-w SECS] [-H 'PROG ARGS' | -S HOST] [RECIPIENT_EMAIL]...
Read email from stdin and send it
Standard options:
-t Read additional recipients from message body
-f SENDER For use in MAIL FROM:<sender>. Can be empty string
Default: -auUSER, or username of current UID
-o OPTIONS Various options. -oi implied, others are ignored
-i -oi synonym, implied and ignoredBusybox specific options:
-v Verbose
-w SECS Network timeout
-H 'PROG ARGS' Run connection helper. Examples:
openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -starttls smtp -connect smtp.gmail.com:25
openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -connect smtp.gmail.com:465
$SMTP_ANTISPAM_DELAY: seconds to wait after helper connect
-S HOST[:PORT] Server (default $SMTPHOST or 127.0.0.1)
-amLOGIN Log in using AUTH LOGIN
-amPLAIN or AUTH PLAIN
(-amCRAM-MD5 not supported)
-auUSER Username for AUTH
-apPASS Password for AUTHIf no -a options are given, authentication is not done. If -amLOGIN is given but no -au/-ap, user/password is read from fd #4. Other options are silently ignored; -oi is implied. Use makemime to create emails with attachments.
seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST
Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC default to 1.
-w Pad to last with leading zeros
-s SEP String separatorsetarch PERSONALITY [-R] PROG ARGS
PERSONALITY may be:
linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation
-R Disable address space randomizationsetconsole [-r] [DEVICE]
Make writes to /dev/console appear on DEVICE (default: /dev/tty). Does not redirect kernel log output or reads from /dev/console.
-r Reset: writes to /dev/console go to kernel log tty(s)setfattr [-h] -n|-x ATTR [-v VALUE] FILE...
Set extended attributes
-h Do not follow symlinks
-x ATTR Remove attribute ATTR
-n ATTR Set attribute ATTR to VALUE
-v VALUE (default: empty)setfont [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY] FILE
Load a console font
-m MAPFILE Load console screen map
-C TTY Affect TTY instead of /dev/ttysetkeycodes { SCANCODE KEYCODE }...
Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
SCANCODE is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), KEYCODE is decimal.
setlogcons [N]
Pin kernel output to VT console N. Default:0 (do not pin)
setpriv [OPTIONS] PROG ARGS
Run PROG with different privilege settings
-d,--dump Show current capabilities --nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities --inh-caps CAP,CAP Set inheritable capabilities --ambient-caps CAP,CAP Set ambient capabilities
setserial [-abGvz] { DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]... | -g DEVICE... }
Print or set serial port parameters
-a Print all
-b Print summary
-G Print as setserial PARAMETERs
-v Verbose
-z Zero out serial flags before setting
-g All args are device namesPARAMETERs: (* = takes ARG, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^) *port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay, *closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak, ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios, ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi, spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust ARG for uart:
unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
U6_16550Asetsid [-c] PROG ARGS
Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).
-c Set controlling terminal to stdinsetuidgid USER PROG ARGS
Set uid and gid to USER's uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids, run PROG
sh [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 ARGS] | FILE ARGS | -s ARGS]
Unix shell interpreter
sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA1 checksums
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum linessha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA256 checksums
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum linessha3sum [-c[sw]] [-a BITS] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA3 checksums
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
-a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA512 checksums
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum linesshowkey [-a | -k | -s]
Show keys pressed
-a Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
-k Display interpreted keycodes (default)
-s Display raw scan-codesshred [-fuz] [-n N] [-s SIZE] FILE...
Overwrite/delete FILEs
-f Chmod to ensure writability
-s SIZE Size to write
-n N Overwrite N times (default 3)
-z Final overwrite with zeros
-u Remove fileshuf [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE | -e [ARG...] | -i L-H]
Randomly permute lines
-n NUM Output at most NUM lines
-o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
-z NUL terminated output
-e Treat ARGs as lines
-i L-H Treat numbers L-H as linesslattach [-ehmLF] [-c SCRIPT] [-s BAUD] [-p PROTOCOL] SERIAL_DEVICE
Configure serial line as SLIP network interface
-p PROT Protocol: slip, cslip (default), slip6, clisp6, adaptive
-s BAUD Line speed
-e Exit after initialization
-h Exit if carrier is lost (else never exits)
-c PROG Run PROG on carrier loss
-m Do NOT set raw 8bit mode
-L Enable 3-wire operation
-F Disable RTS/CTS flow controlsleep [N]...
Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays
smemcap >SMEMDATA.TAR
Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout
softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N] PROG ARGS
Set soft resource limits, then run PROG
-a BYTES Limit total size of all segments
-m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
-d BYTES Limit data segment
-s BYTES Limit stack segment
-l BYTES Limit locked memory size
-o N Limit number of open files per process
-p N Limit number of processes per uid
Options controlling file sizes:
-f BYTES Limit output file sizes
-c BYTES Limit core file size
Efficiency opts:
-r BYTES Limit resident set size
-t N Limit CPU time, process receives
a SIGXCPU after N secondssort [-nrughMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k START[.OFS][OPTS][,END[.OFS][OPTS]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...
Sort lines of text
-o FILE Output to FILE
-c Check whether input is sorted
-b Ignore leading blanks
-f Ignore case
-i Ignore unprintable characters
-d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
-n Sort numbers
-g General numerical sort
-h Sort human readable numbers (2K 1G)
-M Sort month
-V Sort version
-t CHAR Field separator
-k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
-r Reverse sort order
-s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
-u Suppress duplicate lines
-z NUL terminated input and outputsplit [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]
-b N[k|m] Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
-l N Split by N lines
-a N Use N letters as suffixssl_client [-e] -s FD [-r FD] [-n SNI]
start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]
Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching processes -S: start a process unless a matching process is found
Process matching:
-u USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes
-n NAME Match processes with NAME
in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
-x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command
in /proc/PID/cmdline
-p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE
All specified conditions must match
-S only:
-x EXECUTABLE Program to run
-a NAME Zeroth argument
-b Background
-N N Change nice level
-c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group
-m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p
-K only:
-s SIG Signal to send
-t Match only, exit with 0 if found
Other:
-o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
-v Verbose
-q Quietstat [-ltf] [-c FMT] FILE...
Display file (default) or filesystem status
-c FMT Use the specified format
-f Display filesystem status
-L Follow links
-t Terse displayFMT sequences for files:
%a Access rights in octal
%A Access rights in human readable form
%b Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
%B Size in bytes of each block reported by %b
%d Device number in decimal
%D Device number in hex
%f Raw mode in hex
%F File type
%g Group ID
%G Group name
%h Number of hard links
%i Inode number
%n File name
%N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink
%o I/O block size
%s Total size in bytes
%t Major device type in hex
%T Minor device type in hex
%u User ID
%U User name
%x Time of last access
%X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
%y Time of last modification
%Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
%z Time of last change
%Z Time of last change as seconds since EpochFMT sequences for file systems:
%a Free blocks available to non-superuser
%b Total data blocks
%c Total file nodes
%d Free file nodes
%f Free blocks
%i File System ID in hex
%l Maximum length of filenames
%n File name
%s Block size (for faster transfer)
%S Fundamental block size (for block counts)
%t Type in hex
%T Type in human readable formstrings [-fo] [-t o|d|x] [-n LEN] [FILE]...
Display printable strings in a binary file
-f Precede strings with filenames
-o Precede strings with octal offsets
-t o|d|x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
-n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...
Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane
-F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin
-a Print all current settings in human-readable form
-g Print in stty-readable form
[SETTING] See manpagesu [-lmp] [-s SH] [-] [USER [FILE ARGS | -c 'CMD' [ARG0 ARGS]]]
Run shell under USER (by default, root)
-,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell
-p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
-c CMD Command to pass to 'sh -c'
-s SH Shell to use instead of user's defaultsulogin [-t N] [TTY]
Single user login
-p Start a login shell
-t SEC Timeoutsum [-rs] [FILE]...
Checksum and count the blocks in a file
-r Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
-s Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...
Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first character is enough):
status: query service status up: if service isn't running, start it. If service stops, restart it once: like 'up', but if service stops, don't restart it down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits, start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, don't restart service exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1, 2, term, kill: send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2, TERM, KILL signal to service
svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR...
Control services monitored by runsv supervisor
-u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
-d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
-o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
-pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
-x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is downsvlogd [-tttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] DIR...
Read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files in DIRs
-r C Replace non-printable characters with C
-R CHARS Also replace CHARS with C (default _)
-t Timestamp with @tai64n
-tt Timestamp with yyyy-mm-dd_hh:mm:ss.sssss
-ttt Timestamp with yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sssss
-v VerboseDIR/config file modifies behavior: sSIZE - when to rotate logs (default 1000000, 0 disables) nNUM - number of files to retain !PROG - process rotated log with PROG +,-PATTERN - (de)select line for logging E,ePATTERN - (de)select line for stderr
svok SERVICE_DIR
Check whether runsv supervisor is running. Exit code is 0 if it does, 100 if it does not, 111 (with error message) if SERVICE_DIR does not exist.
swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]
Stop swapping on DEVICE
-a Stop swapping on all swap devicesswapon [-a] [-e] [-d[POL]] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]
Start swapping on DEVICE
-a Start swapping on all swap devices
-d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once),
as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted)
-e Silently skip devices that do not exist
-p PRI Set swap device priorityswitch_root [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switchsync [-df] [FILE]...
Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk -d Avoid syncing metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs
sysctl [-enq] { -a | -p [FILE]... | [-w] [KEY[=VALUE]]... }
Show/set kernel parameters
-e Don't warn about unknown keys
-n Don't show key names
-q Quiet
-a Show all values
-p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
-w Set valuessyslogd [OPTIONS]
System logging utility
-n Run in foreground
-R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
-L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
-C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
-K Log to kernel printk buffer (use dmesg to read it)
-O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -)
-s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotation (default 200KB, 0=off)
-b N N rotated logs to keep (default 1, max 99, 0=purge)
-l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
-S Smaller output
-t Strip client-generated timestamps
-D Drop duplicates
-f FILE Use FILE as config (default:/etc/syslog.conf)tac [FILE]...
Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse
tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
Print last 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin) to. With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
-c [+]N[bkm] Print last N bytes
-n N[bkm] Print last N lines
-n +N[bkm] Start on Nth line and print the rest
(b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
-q Never print headers
-v Always print headers
-f Print data as file grows
-F Same as -f, but keep retrying
-s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -ftar c|x|t [-zJjahmvokO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [-T FILE] [-X FILE] [LONGOPT]... [FILE]...
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file
c Create
x Extract
t List
-f FILE Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
-C DIR Change to DIR before operation
-v Verbose
-O Extract to stdout
-m Don't restore mtime
-o Don't restore user:group
-k Don't replace existing files
-z (De)compress using gzip
-J (De)compress using xz
-j (De)compress using bzip2
--lzma (De)compress using lzma
-a (De)compress based on extension
-h Follow symlinks
-T FILE File with names to include
-X FILE File with glob patterns to exclude
--exclude PATTERN Glob pattern to exclude
--overwrite Replace existing files
--strip-components NUM NUM of leading components to strip
--no-recursion Don't descend in directories
--numeric-owner Use numeric user:group
--no-same-permissions Don't restore access permissions
--to-command COMMAND Pipe files to COMMANDtaskset [-ap] [HEXMASK | -c LIST] { PID | PROG ARGS }
Set or get CPU affinity
-p Operate on PID
-a Operate on all threads
-c Affinity is a list, not masktc OBJECT CMD [dev STRING]
OBJECT: qdisc|class|filter CMD: add|del|change|replace|show
qdisc [handle QHANDLE] [root|ingress|parent CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND] [help|OPTIONS]] QDISC_KIND := [p|b]fifo|tbf|prio|cbq|red|etc. qdisc show [dev STRING] [ingress] class [classid CLASSID] [root|parent CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND] [help|OPTIONS] ] class show [ dev STRING ] [root|parent CLASSID] filter [pref PRIO] [protocol PROTO] [root|classid CLASSID] [handle FILTERID] [[FILTER_TYPE] [help|OPTIONS]] filter show [dev STRING] [root|parent CLASSID]
tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG
Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming connections. Run PROG for each connection.
IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
PROG ARGS Program to run
-u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
-c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
-b N Allow backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs (default 20)
-C N[:MSG] Allow only up to N connections from the same IP:
new connections from this IP address are closed
immediately, MSG is written to the peer before close
-E Don't set up environment
-h Look up peer's hostname
-l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
-v VerboseEnvironment if no -E: PROTO='TCP' TCPREMOTEADDR='ip:port' ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) TCPLOCALADDR='ip:port' TCPORIGDSTADDR='ip:port' of destination before firewall Useful for REDIRECTed-to-local connections: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to 8080 TCPCONCURRENCY=num_of_connects_from_this_ip If -h: TCPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified) TCPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
tee [-ai] [FILE]...
Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout
-a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
-i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]
Connect to telnet server
-a Automatic login with $USER variable
-l USER Automatic login as USERtelnetd [OPTIONS]
Handle incoming telnet connections
-l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect
-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
-K Close connection as soon as login exits
(normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
-p PORT Port to listen on. Default 23
-b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to
-F Run in foreground
-i Inetd mode
-w SEC Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
inetd.conf line: 23 stream tcp wait root telnetd telnetd -w10
-S Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]
Transfer a file from/to tftp server
-l FILE Local FILE
-r FILE Remote FILE
-g Get file
-p Put file
-b SIZE Transfer blocks in bytestftpd [-crl] [-u USER] [DIR]
Transfer a file on tftp client's request
tftpd is an inetd service, inetd.conf line: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve Can be run from udpsvd:
udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve
-r Prohibit upload
-c Allow file creation via upload
-u USER Access files as USER
-l Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)time [-vpa] [-o FILE] PROG ARGS
Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits
-v Verbose
-p POSIX output format
-f FMT Custom format
-o FILE Write result to FILE
-a Append (else overwrite)timeout [-s SIG] [-k KILL_SECS] SECS PROG ARGS
Run PROG. Send SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds. Default SIG: TERM.If it still exists in KILL_SECS seconds, send KILL.
top [-bmH] [-n COUNT] [-d SECONDS]
Show a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS and show a screenful of them. Keys:
N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
S: show memory
R: reverse sort
H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
Q,^C: exit
Options:
-b Batch mode
-n N Exit after N iterations
-d SEC Delay between updates
-m Same as 's' key
-H Show threadstouch [-cham] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...
Update mtime of FILEs
-c Don't create files
-h Don't follow links
-a Change only atime
-m Change only mtime
-d DT Date/time to use
-t DT Date/time to use
-r FILE Use FILE's date/timetr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout
-c Take complement of STRING1
-d Delete input characters coded STRING1
-s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one charactertraceroute [-46IFlnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES]
Trace the route to HOST
-4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
-F Set don't fragment bit
-I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
-l Display TTL value of the returned packet
-n Print numeric addresses
-r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
-v Verbose
-f N First number of hops (default 1)
-m N Max number of hops
-q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
-p N Base UDP port number used in probes
(default 33434)
-s IP Source address
-i IFACE Source interface
-t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
-w SEC Wait for a response (default 3)
-z MSEC Wait before each sendtraceroute6 [-Inrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES]
Trace the route to HOST
-I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
-n Print numeric addresses
-r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
-v Verbose
-f N First number of hops (default 1)
-m N Max number of hops
-q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
-p N Base UDP port number used in probes
(default 33434)
-s IP Source address
-i IFACE Source interface
-t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
-w SEC Wait for a response (default 3)
-z MSEC Wait before each sendtruncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE...
Truncate FILEs to SIZE
-c Do not create files
-s SIZEts [-is] [STRFTIME]
Pipe stdin to stdout, add timestamp to each line
-s Time since start
-i Time since previous linetsort [FILE]
Topological sort
tty [-s]
Print file name of stdin's terminal
-s Print nothing, only return exit statusttysize [w] [h]
Print dimensions of stdin tty, or 80x24
tunctl [-f DEVICE] [-t NAME | -d NAME] [-u USER] [-g GRP] [-b]
Create or delete TUN/TAP interfaces
-f DEV TUN device (default /dev/net/tun)
-t NAME Create iface (default: tapN)
-d NAME Delete iface
-u USER Set iface owner
-g GRP Set iface group
-b Brief outputubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] [-O VID_HDR_OFF] UBI_CTRL_DEV
Attach MTD device to UBI
-m MTD_NUM MTD device number to attach
-d UBI_NUM UBI device number to assign
-O VID_HDR_OFF VID header offsetubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV
Detach MTD device from UBI
-d UBI_NUM UBI device numberubimkvol -N NAME [-s SIZE | -m] UBI_DEVICE
Create UBI volume
-a ALIGNMENT Volume alignment (default 1)
-m Set volume size to maximum available
-n VOLID Volume ID. If not specified,
assigned automatically
-N NAME Volume name
-s SIZE Size in bytes
-t TYPE Volume type (static|dynamic)ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]...
Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE
ubirmvol -n VOLID | -N VOLNAME UBI_DEVICE
Remove UBI volume
-n VOLID Volume ID
-N VOLNAME Volume nameubirsvol -n VOLID -s SIZE UBI_DEVICE
Resize UBI volume
-n VOLID Volume ID
-s SIZE Size in bytesubiupdatevol -t UBI_DEVICE | [-s SIZE] UBI_DEVICE IMG_FILE
Update UBI volume
-t Truncate to zero size
-s SIZE Size in bytes to resize toudhcpc [-fbqvRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC|-n] [-i IFACE] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
-s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
-p FILE Create pidfile
-B Request broadcast replies
-t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
-T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
-A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
-b Background if lease is not obtained
-n Exit if lease is not obtained
-q Exit after obtaining lease
-R Release IP on exit
-f Run in foreground
-S Log to syslog too
-a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
-r IP Request this IP address
-o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
-O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
-x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
-x hostname:bbox - option 12
-x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
-x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14 (shell-quoted)
-F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
-V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
-C Don't send MAC as client identifier
-v Verbose
Signals:
USR1 Renew lease
USR2 Release leaseudhcpc6 [-fbqvR] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC|-n] [-i IFACE] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-ldo] [-r IPv6] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
-p FILE Create pidfile
-s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default6.script)
-B Request broadcast replies
-t N Send up to N discover packets
-T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
-A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
-b Background if lease is not obtained
-n Exit if lease is not obtained
-q Exit after obtaining lease
-R Release IP on exit
-f Run in foreground
-S Log to syslog too
-l Send 'information request' instead of 'solicit'
(used for servers which do not assign IPv6 addresses)
-r IPv6 Request this address ('no' to not request any IP)
-d Request prefix
-o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
-O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
-x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
-x hostname:bbox - option 12
-x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
-x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14 (shell-quoted)
-v Verbose
Signals:
USR1 Renew lease
USR2 Release leaseudhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [-a MSEC] [CONFFILE]
DHCP server
-f Run in foreground
-S Log to syslog too
-I ADDR Local address
-a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
Signals:
USR1 Update lease fileudpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG
Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets. Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it.
IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
PROG ARGS Program to run
-u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
-c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
-E Don't set up environment
-h Look up peer's hostname
-l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
-v VerboseEnvironment if no -E: PROTO='UDP' UDPREMOTEADDR='ip:port' ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) UDPLOCALADDR='ip:port' If -h: UDPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified) UDPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
uevent [PROG ARGS]
uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s
umount [-rlfda] [-t FSTYPE] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
Unmount filesystems
-a Unmount all filesystems
-r Remount devices read-only if mount is busy
-l Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
-f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
-d Free loop device if it has been used
-t FSTYPE[,...] Unmount only these filesystem type(s)uname [-amnrspvio]
Print system information
-a Print all
-m Machine (hardware) type
-n Hostname
-r Kernel release
-s Kernel name (default)
-p Processor type
-v Kernel version
-i Hardware platform
-o OS nameunexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...
Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout
-a Convert all blanks
-f Convert only leading blanks
-t N Tabstops every N charsuniq [-cduiz] [-f,s,w N] [FILE [OUTFILE]]
Discard duplicate lines
-c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
-d Only print duplicate lines
-u Only print unique lines
-i Ignore case
-z NUL terminated output
-f N Skip first N fields
-s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
-w N Compare N characters in lineunix2dos [-ud] [FILE]
Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.
-u dos2unix
-d unix2dosunlink FILE
Delete FILE by calling unlink()
unlzma [-cfk] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integrityunshare [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
-m,--mount[=FILE] Unshare mount namespace
-u,--uts[=FILE] Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.)
-i,--ipc[=FILE] Unshare System V IPC namespace
-n,--net[=FILE] Unshare network namespace
-p,--pid[=FILE] Unshare PID namespace
-U,--user[=FILE] Unshare user namespace
-f Fork before execing PROG
-r Map current user to root (implies -U)
--mount-proc[=DIR] Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m)
--propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
Modify mount propagation in mount namespace
--setgroups allow|deny Control the setgroups syscall in user namespacesunxz [-cfk] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integrityunzip [-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE]... [-d DIR]
Extract FILEs from ZIP archive
-l List contents (with -q for short form)
-n Never overwrite files (default: ask)
-o Overwrite
-j Do not restore paths
-p Write to stdout
-t Test
-q Quiet
-x FILE Exclude FILEs
-d DIR Extract into DIRuptime
Display the time since the last boot
users
Print the users currently logged on
usleep N
Pause for N microseconds
uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]
Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given
uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME
Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout
-m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]
Create and remove virtual ethernet devices
add IFACE VLAN_ID
rem VLAN_NAME
set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
set_name_type NAME_TYPEvi [-c CMD] [-R] [-H] [FILE]...
Edit FILE
-c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT and ~/.exrc also available)
-R Read-only
-H List available featuresvlock [-a]
Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.
-a Lock all VTsvolname [DEVICE]
Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)
w
Show who is logged on
wall [FILE]
Write content of FILE or stdin to all logged-in users
watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS
Run PROG periodically
-n SEC Period (default 2)
-t Don't print headerwatchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV
Periodically write to watchdog device DEV
-T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
-t N Reset every N seconds (default 30)
-F Run in foregroundUse 500ms to specify period in milliseconds
wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]...
Count lines, words, and bytes for FILEs (or stdin)
-c Count bytes
-m Count characters
-l Count newlines
-w Count words
-L Print longest line lengthwget [-cqS] [--spider] [-O FILE] [-o LOGFILE] [--header STR] [--post-data STR | --post-file FILE] [-Y on/off] [--no-check-certificate] [-P DIR] [-U AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...
Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP
--spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists
--header STR Add STR (of form 'header: value') to headers
--post-data STR Send STR using POST method
--post-file FILE Send FILE using POST method
--no-check-certificate Don't validate the server's certificate
-c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
-q Quiet
-P DIR Save to DIR (default .)
-S Show server response
-T SEC Network read timeout is SEC seconds
-O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
-o LOGFILE Log messages to FILE
-U STR Use STR for User-Agent header
-Y on/off Use proxywhich [-a] COMMAND...
Locate COMMAND
-a Show all matcheswho [-aH]
Show who is logged on
-a Show all
-H Print column headerswhoami
Print the user name associated with the current effective user id
whois [-i] [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...
Query WHOIS info about NAME
-i Show redirect results too
-h,-p Server to queryxargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
Run PROG on every item given by stdin
-0 NUL terminated input
-a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
-o Reopen stdin as /dev/tty
-r Don't run command if input is empty
-t Print the command on stderr before execution
-p Ask user whether to run each command
-E STR,-e[STR] STR stops input processing
-I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
-n N Pass no more than N args to PROG
-s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes
-P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel
-x Exit if size is exceededxxd [-pri] [-g N] [-c N] [-l LEN] [-s OFS] [-o OFS] [FILE]
Hex dump FILE (or stdin)
-g N Bytes per group
-c N Bytes per line
-p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30
-i C include file style
-l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
-o OFFSET Add OFFSET to displayed offset
-r Reverse (with -p, assumes no offsets in input)xz -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
-d Decompress
-c Write to stdout
-f Force
-k Keep input files
-t Test integrityxzcat [FILE]...
Decompress to stdout
yes [STRING]
Repeatedly print a line with STRING, or 'y'
zcat [FILE]...
Decompress to stdout
zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT
Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address
-f Run in foreground
-q Quit after obtaining address
-r 169.254.x.x Request this address first
-l x.x.0.0 Use this range instead of 169.254
-v Verbose$LOGGING=none Suppress logging $LOGGING=syslog Log to syslog
With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts, exits only on I/O errors (link down etc)
GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.
If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.
When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).
Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.
Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.
Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it>
run-partsErik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
nobody is going to actually read.Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>
rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpmJeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>
ftpput, ftpgetEdward Betts <edward@debian.org>
expr, hostid, logname, whoamiJohn Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>
du, nslookup, sortBrian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
tiny-ls(ls)Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
fbset, ping, hostnameDave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenanceJordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>
ipcalcMagnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
tftp client insmod powerpc supportLarry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>
httpdGennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>
Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
logread), various fixes.Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
mktemp.cMatt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>
documentation, bugfixes, test suiteStephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>
ipcalc, Red Hat equivalenceJohn Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
trGlenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>
Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>
cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
interface, dutmp, ifconfig, routeVladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>
cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
locale, various fixes
and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
still be found hiding here and there...Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
bug fixes, member of fan clubKent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>
reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
wget - Contributed by permission of Covad CommunicationsPavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
Lots of bugs fixes and patches.Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>
Remote logging feature for syslogdLinus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minixMark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>
grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
gzip, mini-netcat(nc)Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenanceTito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>
devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>
vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixesRoberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>
port: dnsdBernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>
miscMike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, miscJie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>
fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)